Revision Notes on Unit and
Dimensions
In order to
make the measurement of a physical quantity we have, first of all, to evolve a
standard for that measurement so that different measurements of same physical
quantity can be expressed relative to each other. That standard is called
a unit of that physical quantity.
·
System
of Units:-
(a)
C.G.S (Centimeter-Grand-Second) system.
(b)
F.P.S. (Foot-Pound-Second) system.
(c)
M.K.S. (Meter-Kilogram--Second) system.
(d)
M.K.S.A. (Meter-Kilogram-Second-Ampere) unit.
·
Dimensional
Formula:-
Dimensional
formula of a physical quantity is the formula which tells us how and which of
the fundamental units have been used for the measurement of that quantity.
·
How
to write dimensions of physical quantities:-
(a)
Write the formula for that quantity, with the quantity on L.H.S. of the
equation.
(b)
Convert all the quantities on R.H.S. into the fundamental quantities mass,
length and time.
(c)
Substitute M, L and T for mass, length and time respectively.
(d)
Collect terms of M,L and T and find their resultant powers (a,b,c) which give
the dimensions of the quantity in mass, length and time respectively.
·
Characteristics
of Dimensions:-
(a)
Dimensions of a physical quantity are independent of the system of units.
(b)
Quantities having similar dimensions can be added to
or subtracted from each other.
(c)
Dimensions of a physical quantity can be obtained from its units and
vice-versa.
(d)
Two different physical quantities may have same dimensions.
(e)
Multiplication/division of dimensions of two physical quantities (may be same
or different) results in production of dimensions of a third quantity.
|
PHYSICAL QUANTITY |
SYMBOL |
DIMENSION |
MEASUREMENT UNIT |
UNIT |
|
|
Length |
s |
L |
Meter |
m |
|
|
Mass |
M |
M |
Kilogram |
Kg |
|
|
Time |
t |
T |
Second |
Sec |
|
|
Electric charge |
q |
Q |
Coulomb |
C |
|
|
luminous intensity |
I |
C |
Candela |
Cd |
|
|
Temperature |
T |
K |
Kelvin |
oK |
|
|
Angle |
q |
none |
Radian |
None |
|
|
Mechanical Physical Quantities (derived) |
|
||||
|
PHYSICAL QUANTITY |
SYMBOL |
DIMENSION |
MEASUREMENT UNIT |
UNIT |
|
|
Area |
A |
L2 |
square
meter |
m2 |
|
|
Volume |
V |
L3 |
cubic meter |
m3 |
|
|
Velocity |
v |
L/T |
meter
per second |
m/sec |
|
|
angular velocity |
w |
T-1 |
radians per second |
1/sec |
|
|
Acceleration |
a |
LT-2 |
meter
per square second |
m/sec2 |
|
|
angular acceleration |
a |
T-2 |
radians per square second |
1/sec2 |
|
|
Force |
F |
MLT-2 |
Newton |
Kg
m/sec2 |
|
|
Energy |
E |
ML2T-2 |
Joule |
Kg m2/sec2 |
|
|
Work |
W |
ML2T-2 |
Joule |
Kg
m2/sec2 |
|
|
Heat |
Q |
ML2T-2 |
Joule |
Kg m2/sec2 |
|
|
Torque |
t |
ML2T-2 |
Newton
meter |
Kg
m2/sec2 |
|
|
Power |
P |
ML2T-3 |
watt or joule/sec |
Kg m2/sec3 |
|
|
Density |
D
or ρ |
ML-3 |
kilogram
per cubic meter |
Kg/m3 |
|
|
Pressure |
P |
ML-1T-2 |
Newton per square meter |
Kg m-1/sec2 |
|
|
impulse |
J |
MLT-1 |
Newton
second |
Kg
m/sec |
|
|
Inertia |
I |
ML2 |
Kilogram square meter |
Kg m2 |
|
|
luminous flux |
f |
C |
lumen
(4Pi candle for point source) |
cd
sr |
|
|
illumination |
E |
CL-2 |
lumen per square meter |
cd sr/m2 |
|
|
entropy |
S |
ML2T-2K-1 |
joule
per degree |
Kg
m2/sec2K |
|
|
Volume rate of flow |
Q |
L3T-1 |
cubic meter per second |
m3/sec |
|
|
Kinematic viscosity |
n |
L2T-1 |
square
meter per second |
m2/sec |
|
|
Dynamic viscosity |
m |
ML-1T-1 |
Newton second per square meter |
Kg/m sec |
|
|
Specific weight |
g |
ML-2T-2 |
Newton
per cubic meter |
Kg
m-2/sec2 |
|
|
Electric current |
I |
QT-1 |
Ampere |
C/sec |
|
|
emf, voltage, potential |
E |
ML2T-2Q-1 |
Volt |
Kg m2/sec2C |
|
|
resistance or impedance |
R |
ML2T-1Q-2 |
ohm |
Kgm2 /secC2 |
|
|
Electric conductivity |
s |
M-2L-2TQ2 |
mho |
secC2/Kg m3 |
|
|
capacitance |
C |
M-1L-2T2 Q2 |
Farad |
sec2C2/Kgm2 |
|
|
inductance |
L |
ML2Q-2 |
Henry |
Kg m2 /C2 |
|
|
Current density |
J |
QT-1L-2 |
ampere
per square
meter |
C/sec
m2 |
|
|
Charge density |
r |
QL-3 |
coulomb per cubic meter |
C/m3 |
|
|
magnetic flux, Magnetic induction |
B |
MT-1Q-1 |
weber
per square meter |
Kg/sec
C |
|
|
Magnetic intensity |
H |
QL-1T-1 |
ampere per meter |
C/m sec |
|
|
magnetic vector potential |
A |
MLT-1Q-1 |
weber/meter |
Kg
m/sec C |
|
|
Electric field intensity |
E |
MLT-2Q-1 |
volt/meter or newton/coulomb |
Kg m/sec2 C |
|
|
Electric displacement |
D |
QL-2 |
coulomb
per square meter |
C/m2 |
|
|
permeability |
m |
MLQ-2 |
henry per meter |
Kg m/C2 |
|
|
permittivity, |
e |
T2Q2M-1L-3 |
farad
per meter |
sec2C2/Kgm3 |
|
|
dielectric constant |
K |
M0L0T0 |
None |
None |
|
|
frequency |
f
or n |
T-1 |
Hertz |
sec-1 |
|
|
angular frequency |
W |
T-1 |
radians per second |
sec-1 |
|
|
Wave length |
l |
L |
Meters |
M |
|
·
Principle
of homogeneity:-
It
states that “ the dimensional formulae of every term on the two sides of a
correct relation must be same.”
·
Types
of error:-
(a)
Constant errors:- An error is said to be constant error if it affects,
every time, a measurement in a similar manner.
(b)
Systematic errors:- Errors which come into existence by virtue of a definite
rule, are called systematic errors.
(c)
Random error or accidental error:- Error which takes place in a
random manner and cannot be associated with a systematic cause are called
random or accidental errors.
(d) Absolute error:-
·
Relative
Error:-
· Percentage Error:-
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